Capros, P., De Vita, A., Tasios, N., Siskos, P., Kannavou, M., Petropoulos, A., Evangelopoulou, S., Zampara, M., et al. (2016). EU Reference Scenario 2016 - Energy, transport and GHG emissions Trends to 2050. European Commission Directorate - General for Energy, Directorate - General for Climate Action and Directorate - General for Mobility and Transport , Luxembourg.
Investment Cost, Plant Data
Danish Energy Agency and Energinet. (2017). Technology Data - Renewable fuels: Technol-ogy descriptions and projections for long-term energy system planning. Danish Ener-gy Agency and Energinet.
We take the reference year 2030 for the cellulosic ethanol plants but with some further assumptions. An average plant produces 130MW fuels. With a conversion rate of 0.37 it will need 351MW feed stock. For a plant like this, we have to make an investment of 332.8M€. (2.56M€/MW Ethanol). We have fixed operating costs of 7.41M€ (0.057€/MW/y) and variable costs of 0,101M€/1000t Ethanol if used at full capacity. The operation time per year is 8424 hours (2 weeks of maintenance per year).
MW can be calculated into PJ/s like this: 1 megawatt = 1.E-9 petajoule/second. For our model we need to transform this to PJ/y with 8424h of operation.
Transportation cost:
We will just assume that we transport from one centroid of a region to another centroid of a region.
For this we use the Haversine formula. It is used to calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a sphere with radius \(r\) (the unit you use for the radius will be the unit of the result). Given two points, \(\mathbf{p}=(\phi_1,\lambda_1)\) and \(\mathbf{q}=(\phi_2,\lambda_2)\), in terms of their latitude \(\phi\) and longitude \(\lambda\) in radians, the Haversine formula computes the distance \(d\) between them as:
\( d = 2r \arcsin\left(\sqrt{\sin^2\left(\frac{\phi_2-\phi_1}{2}\right) + \cos(\phi_1)\cos(\phi_2)\sin^2\left(\frac{\lambda_2-\lambda_1}{2}\right)}\right). \)
This is still an approximation, as the earth is not a perfect sphere. We will provide you the code for this calculation.
We still need to figure out the masses of the biomasses and fuels, so we can calculate PJ in tonnes.
To get the different masses of biomass for GJ/t (page 94):
Ruiz, P., Sgobbi, A., Nijs, W. N., Thiel, C., Dalla Longa, F., Kober, T., Elbersen, B., & Hen-geveld, G. (2015). The JRC-EU-TIMES model: Bioenergy potentials for EU and neighbouring countries. EUR, Scientific and technical research series: Vol. 27575. Publications Office https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC98626/biomass%20potentials%20in%20europe_web%20rev.pdf
For the fuel we assume 26.9 GJ/t of ethanol and costs are taken at 1.90€/t/km.
, based on Danish Energy Agency, Energinet. (2017). Technology Data: Energy transport. https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/technology_data_for_energy_transport.pdf)